离子注入在棉花育种中的诱变功效

分析了在棉花离子注入育种中出现的各种有用变异,包括早熟性、株型、主茎高度和粗细,以及陆地棉与海岛棉种间杂种出现的性状稳定加快现象。     

氮离子注入对番茄种子损伤研究初报

离子注入和伴随离子注入的其他物理效应都能影响番茄种子的电导率和发芽率.电导率和发芽率之间有一定相关性,两者都能反映种子的损伤.     

NaCl胁迫对甘薯试管苗生长及离子含量影响

[目的]探讨甘薯的耐盐机理。[方法]用浓度分别为0、100 mmol/LNaCl处理耐盐性不同的2个甘薯品种徐25-2(耐盐品种)和胜利百号(盐敏感品种),培养20 d后以火焰光度计测定根、茎、叶中的Na+含量、Na+/K+比值,并测不同品种的根、茎、叶的干重、鲜重。[结果]盐胁迫下,2个甘薯品种的生长均受抑制,导致植株矮小、叶片变少、根系稀少、根叶干物质减少,但是徐25-2幼苗受抑制程度较轻;此外,2个甘薯品种不同器官(根、茎、叶)的Na+含量及Na+/K+比值都增加,耐盐性强的徐25-2的Na+含量在根、茎和叶片中较低,而耐盐性较弱的胜利百号幼苗茎、叶Na+含量较高,但徐25-2的变化幅度均小于胜利百号。[结论]盐胁迫下叶片较低的Na+含量和Na+/K+比值是甘薯品种耐盐性的重要特征。     

离子选择性电极浓度直读法快速测定火棘果中的铜含量

以微波压力消解样品,用离子选择性电极浓度直读法快速测定火棘果中的铜含量。实验对铜离子测定的最佳pH范围,掩蔽剂、缓冲剂和离子强度调节剂的用量,方法回收率、精密度、检出限及干扰因素进行了系统探讨,并对实际样品进行了测定。结果:方法的线性范围为0.1~500 mg/L,检出限为0.001 2 mg/L,回收率为89.8%~97.7%,RSD为4.0%。结论:该法快速、简便、成本低廉,用于火棘果中铜的测定,结果令人满意。     

拟南芥DA1-Related Protein 2基因参与调控植物对盐胁迫的响应

土壤盐渍化是目前农业生产面临的主要问题之一,同时种子萌发转绿作为植物幼苗形态建成的基础对盐胁迫最为敏感。本研究以Col-0、Ler野生型拟南芥和osr1短根突变体拟南芥为试验材料,通过图位克隆方法得到调控根生长的DAR2(DA1-Related Protein 2)基因。本研究利用RT-PCR方法,发现生长10 d的Col-0幼苗在200 mmol·L 1氯化钠条件下处理6 h和12 h,DAR2基因受盐胁迫诱导;200 mmol·L 1氯化钠处理后,组织化学染色结果显示,萌发1 d的根尖韧皮部和3 d的叶片pDAR2::GUS的表达上升,进一步表明DAR2基因受到盐胁迫的诱导。统计不同MS培养基[0(CK)、100 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钠、200 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钾、200 mmol·L 1甘露醇]上Col-0和dar2-3的萌发率和转绿率发现:随着氯化钠浓度的逐渐增大,突变体无论萌发还是转绿时间明显比野生型晚。在150 mmol·L 1氯化钾和200 mmol·L 1甘露醇培养条件下,萌发和转绿的时间也比野生型要晚。这些结果表明突变体在萌发和转绿期对盐胁迫的敏感性比野生型明显增强,进一步证明了突变体对盐胁迫的敏感性并不是对离子的特异响应。这些研究结果为深入了解逆境胁迫下植物早期生长发育的可塑性调控机制奠定了基础,同时也为通过生物技术改良作物抗逆性提供了理论依据。     

猪舍不同发酵床垫料氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放特征

为了探明发酵床养猪过程中的氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放特征,分别选取3种不同原料的发酵床:稻壳+锯木屑(FD)、稻壳+菌糠(FJ)、稻壳+酒糟(FW)作为研究对象,采用静态箱法收集气体,对1个养猪周期内(140 d)的氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放量进行测定。结果表明,3种垫料的氨挥发高峰期呈现出一定的时间顺序:FW主要出现在饲养前期,FJ出现在前中期,而FD则集中在饲养中后期。3种垫料的氨挥发总量具有显著性差异,FW发酵床在整个养殖周期内的氨挥发总量最大,为9.06 kg;其次是FJ,氨挥发总量达到4.83 kg。3种发酵床垫料的氧化亚氮排放规律具有一致性,即排放高峰期主要集中在饲养中后期;其排放总量同样具有显著性差异,同氨挥发总量一样,FW的氧化亚氮排放总量最高,达到2.06 kg;其次是FJ,氧化亚氮排放总量为1.74 kg。通过物质流分析发现,以氨气和氧化亚氮转化损失的氮量占氮素总损失量的23%~36%,说明气体转化是发酵床养猪过程中氮素的主要损失途径之一。     

Early Supplies of Available Nitrogen to Seed‐Row of a Canola Crop as Affected by Fertilizer Placement

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Star City (legal location SW6‐45‐16‐W2); Saskatchewan, Canada from May 2000 to June 2000, to measure nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply rates from fertilizer bands to the seed‐row of canola crop. Ion exchange resin membrane probes (PRS^TM) were used to measure N and P supply rates in four treatments [80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as side‐row band, 80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as mid‐row band, check/no N (side‐row)/P side‐row, check/no N (mid‐row)/seed placed P]. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two anion and cation exchange resin probes (PRS^TM) were placed in each plot in the seed‐row immediately after seeding and fertilizing. The probes were allowed to remain in the field for 2 days and replaced with another set of probes every 4 days for a total of 14 days until canola emerged. Ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N and P supply rates were calculated based on the ion accumulated on the probes. Urea side‐row band treatments (fertilizer N 2.5 cm to side of every seed‐row) had significantly higher cumulative available N supply rates than mid‐row band placement in which fertilizer N was placed 10 cm from the seed‐row in between every second seed‐row. No significant differences were observed in P supply rates. The higher N rates (120 kg N ha^?1) resulted in lower grain yield in side‐row banding than mid‐row banding possibly due to seedling damage. However, the earlier fluxes of N into the seed‐row observed with side‐row banding may be an advantage at lower N rates in N deficient soils.     

EFFECT OF MIXED-SALT SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS OF A QUINOA AND A WHEAT VARIETY

ABSTRACT

Salinity is among the most widespread and prevalent problems in irrigated agriculture. Many members of the family Chenopodiaceae are classified as salt tolerant. One member of this family, which is of increasing interest, is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) which is able to grow on poorer soils. Salinity sensitivity studies of quinoa were conducted in the greenhouse on the cultivar, “Andean Hybrid” to determine if quinoa had useful mechanisms for salt tolerant studies. For salt treatment we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments (EC_i ) ranging from 3, 7, 11, to 19?dS?m^?1 were achieved by adding MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaCl₂ to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added incrementally over a four-day period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salt served as the non-saline control solution (3?dS?m^?1). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. For comparative purposes, we also examined Yecora Rojo, a semi-dwarf wheat, Triticum aestivum L. With respect to salinity effects on growth in quinoa, we found no significant reduction in plant height or fresh weight until the electrical conductivity exceeded 11?dS?m^?1. The growth was characteristic of a halophyte with a significant increase in leaf area at 11?dS?m^?1 as compared with 3?dS?m^?1 controls. As to wheat, plant fresh and dry weight, canopy height, and leaf area did not differ between controls (3?dS?m^?1) and plants grown at 7?dS?m^?1. Beyond this threshold, however, plant growth declined. While both quinoa and wheat exhibited increasing Na⁺ accumulation with increasing salinity levels, the percentage increase was greater in wheat. Examination of ion ratios indicated that K⁺:Na⁺ ratio decreased with increasing salinity in both species. The decrease was more dramatic in wheat. A similar observation was also made with respect to the Ca²⁺:Na⁺ ratios. However, a difference between the two species was found with respect to changes in the level of K⁺ in the plant. In quinoa, leaf K⁺ levels measured at 19?dS?m^?1 had decreased by only 7% compared with controls. Stem K⁺ levels were not significantly affected. In wheat, shoot K⁺ levels had decreased by almost 40% at 19?dS?m^?1. Correlated with these findings, we measured no change in the K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity with increasing salinity in quinoa leaves and only a small increase in stems. In wheat however, K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity at 3?dS?m^?1 was much higher than in quinoa and decreased significantly across the four salinity levels tested. A similar situation was also noted with Ca²⁺:Na⁺ selectivity. We concluded that the greater salt tolerance found in quinoa relative to wheat may be due to a variety of mechanisms.     

重离子射线照射对家蚕造血器官的生理效应

用碳离子和氦离子射线局部照射家蚕 5龄第 3日幼虫的造血器官 ,调查了对循环血球密度和种类 ,以及其后生长发育和变态的影响。照射后家蚕变态困难 ,结茧率、化蛹率和羽化率显著降低 ;幼虫血液中血球密度在照射后 8～ 2 4h短暂上升 ,随后快速下降 ,5龄后期血球密度显著低下。上述变化程度随射线剂量增加而更加显著 ,而两种离子射线之间没有明显差异。血液中各种血球的比例虽然没有很大变化 ,但照射后出现了一种大型血球。